مكة المكرمة في كتابات الرحالة المسلمين و الأوربيين

الملخص EN

The traveler's books and trips come as the most important documents and historical sources that constitute an important frame of reference in codifying the history of Makkah as they reveal the various aspects of life in Makkah Al-Mukarramah.

and upon reviewing the abundant material contained in those trips which focus mostly on describing the population.

plants.

animals and the environment Makkah Al Mukarramah received the attention of these travelers by describing the features of the earth's surface and its terrain from mountains.

plateaus.

reefs and valleys.

and describes the transportation routes and the effect of time and place on the march of pilgrims and pilgrims.

as their convoys are ravaged by hot weather conditions.

and sometimes lead to the death of a number of them.

in addition to the social status and nature Residents.

especially since Makkah is a meeting place for different customs.

ideas and languages of different races.