التحديات التي تواجه نوع المياه السطحية و كميتها في العراق : دراسة بيئية من منظور جغرافي

الملخص EN

The study aims to shade the light on the most important natural and human factors affecting the quantity and quality of surface water in Iraq.

The natural factors are represented by (the global climate change) in the world and in the middle east and the decrease of rain fall in the Euphrates and tigris pools, and the low decline of the surface of Iraqi rivers with the low water flow which resulted in the concentration of bolutors and salt.

While the human factor are represented by what is added by agricultural, industrial and domestic activities inside the Iraqi boundaries including waste water that caused the bad quality of surface water.

In addition to the discussion of the " gab " project as a human factor affecting quantity and quality of water out side the Iraqi boundaries.

The results lead to following conclusion which represented by the classification of the factors according to their effects as follows : 1.Factors affecting the quality of surface water which are represented by the absence of the observation and the unavilabity of the primary and secondary treatment units of waste water resulting from industrial activities in addition to the unavailabity of the treatment of waste water of the Domestic waste water in most of the Iraq cities, specially the worst types of Domestic waste water, resulting from (hospitals and presons) which are estimated as (420 million produced by (126) hospitals only (20) of which have a water treatment unite.

In other factor that influences the quality of water is the use of large amounts of chemical fertilizer which reached (638100) Ton per year.

This has increased also the concentration of the pollution rate in the agricultural water sewage which is transferred to the neiboring rivers without any primary treatment.

2.A factor that influences the quantity of water in Iraqi rivers is represented by the globle warming who's effects are clear in the whole world and the middle east including Iraq – the decrease of rain fall and the increase of driayness which worked on the decrease of water resources in the water pools that provide Euphrates and Tigris with water.

3.A factor that affects the quantity and the quality of Iraqi surface water is the " gab " project which caused the increase of the concentration of salt in the water coming to Iraq from (457 MGXL) to wards Euphrates and (250 MGXL) to wards Tigris before the project to (1275 MGXL) to wards Euphrates and (370 MGYL) towards Tigris River after the project and the decrease of water levels in the rivers because of the decrease in the quantity of water because of this project from (40.8) milliard M3 year towards Euphrates River to (15.2) milliard M3 per year which the water directed towards.

Tigris River has decreased from (20.9) Milliard M3 per year to (9.1) Milliard M3 per year after the project.