Laila Halaby's once in a promised land as post 9-11 novel

الملخص EN

The gulf wars and the tragic event of 9 / 11, 2001 have impacted all Arabs especially in America, Iraq and Afghanistan.

in fact, many things have clearly changed in the USA since the horrifying attacks of 9 / 11 which hurt not only Americans, but also Arabs especially Muslims in the us, the middle east and around the world.

Arabs and Muslims living in the united states became suspect because of various terrorist acts on the one hand.

on the other hand, many Americans became openly hostile to all Arab Americans after these attacks.

like the world changed after 9 / 11, literature also changed.

this paper focuses on the increasing rise of Islam phobia after 9 / 11 and how these tragic events became responsible for the suffering of Arab Americans in the united states.

Abu-Jaber's crescent and Halaby's once in a promised land show fear of the increasing resentment and racial discrimination against Arab Americans and challenge the western misrepresentation of Islam and Muslims by providing contrastive images.

the gross deformation of Arabs in media and the terrorist attacks of 9 / 11 had significant ramifications on Arabs living in the us.

these representations had been deep-rooted in the Western minds.