المدرسة الوضعية : التطور و الخصائص

الملخص EN

History has moved from the scope of hobbies or literature to that of sciences with origins and curricula.

In the late 19th century, history was dominated by positivists, which was distinguished by applying the laws that are related to natural sciences on humans.

This period was marked by the dominance of experimental sciences in most cases.

It has become almost an agreement that historical research and its interpretation follow the same scientific method of the search for origins.

However, there is no doubt that the empiricism of history differs from the scientific one.

Germany is considered the home of that school.

Its steps start with researching the written documents and working on preserving and maintaining them in museums and libraries.

Then the historian will criticize the documents both internally and externally.

Then the authorship, and the interest in writing the margins and the footnotes at the bottom of the pages or at the end of his historical paper, in addition to the use of graphs and statistical, then proving the historian's opinions and his liberation from his political and cultural affiliations.

It is distinguished by the historian's total neutrality towards the events he writes.

Indeed, history is the reflecting mirror of the past, and the historian must record the event impartially and objectively.

One of its cons is its fall in partisanship and nationalism.

In effect, this school, which was theoretically calling for absolute objectivity, has devoted its production to serve the principles of the Third French Republic and analyzing the colonial phenomenon as a civilizational message.

It was accused of divesting history from its poeticness and turning it to a dry record of facts that is supported by enormous margins of praises to origins and references.

We conclude that in the late 1800's and the early 1900's, there was an ongoing debate about considering history as a science or literature.

Eventually, it took a special place in human knowledge after it was a secondary branch.

Its writings shifted from getting close to kings to ensure that it is a science that has its own independency, method, and scholars.

Thus, there is no longer any doubt about the science of history