German economic penetration into Ottoman space through the Berlin-Baghdad railway project 1903

الملخص EN

The world of the 19th century is the world of geostrategic changes that cast its shadow over the 20th century, given the emergence of Germany on the international scene and urged it from its place within the so-called eastern issue, and the conditions for the completion of German unity in 1871 on the one hand, and the nature of European relations on the other hand that he made the issue of German penetration in the political, economic, military, and even cultural spheres distinct from others by means of penetration leading to the German ottoman alliance in the first world war in 1914.