التطورات العلمية و الفكرية و الأدبية في روسيا القيصرية 1850-1914

الملخص EN

The study explained Scientific progress has been achieved in all scientific fields by the efforts of scientists, inventors, authors and university professors through their discoveries, formulation of theories, establishment of solid scientific libraries and astronomical observatories, designing laboratories in various specializations, in addition to giving lectures to students to develop knowledge awareness, issuing solid scientific books and publishing academic research and articles It has been translated into various European languages.

The study revealed the policy of the tsarist government towards Russian university professors in restricting cultural and intellectual freedoms and its determination to expel academic professors and harass them for their serious initiative in spreading revolutionary ideas that encourage members of Russian society to reject injustice and exploitation and demand cultural and intellectual freedoms, which left negative effects on the scientific level.

The study indicated that Russian thinkers have a great impact on the political and economic reality of the Russian society through their publication of books and articles in Russian newspapers and their political discourses that encouraged the classes of society to insist and serious determination for revolutionary readiness to obtain their political, cultural and economic rights and freedoms and to confront the disadvantages of the authoritarian tsarist government allied with The capitalist class that burdened the workers with long hard work and unfair taxes against them and gave them wages that were not commensurate with their exerted efforts, and its main goal was to achieve its political and economic interests and increase profits, and it does not care about the interests and welfare of the Russian people.

The study showed that Russian literature witnessed a great development since the second half of the nineteenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century.

Finally, the revolutionary symbolism in a way that attracted the mass of readers and pushed them to contemplate the problems of social and personal life and revealed to them the reasons and responsibility for the delay and extreme poverty that their country suffers from.

In their literary productions, they encouraged the toiling classes to march towards the decisive revolutionary direction to be liberated from all restrictions and to obtain their political and cultural rights and freedoms.