المجتمع و الاقتصاد في الحجاز في العهد العثماني الثاني (1256-1334 ه 1840-1916 م)‎

الملخص EN

This study sheds light on the society and economy in the Hejaz Province during the second Ottoman era 1256-1334 AH / 1840-1916 AD, and the study aims to monitor the economic conditions in the Hijaz State, by reviewing the economic activities that the Hijaz community practiced during the study period, and the importance of the study stems from the position.

The religious and strategic interests of the Hijaz, due to its embrace of the Islamic holy sites of Mecca and Medina, and for its connection with international trade routes, land and sea, which had a great impact on the economic conditions of the state of Hijaz.

The study followed the historical, descriptive, and analytical approach, and the study reached several results, the most important of which are: The practice of economic activities was not restricted to the Hijazis, but rather Arab expatriates such as Hadarms, Egyptians and others participated in it, as well as foreigners such as Indians, Turks and others.

The re-export trade (transit) is the mainstay of it.

Commercial activity in Jeddah, due to its mediating location on international trade routes, making it a commercial meeting Station between East and West.

Commercial agencies and transport and freight offices helped facilitate the movement of trade to and from the Hejaz, but from our point of view they contributed to the aspiration of local merchants in foreign countries with economic power to benefit from their economic privileges and the facilities they obtained, and perhaps this matter helped in the absence of national unity among those who contribute In creating the impetus for the advancement of the region’s economy and thus the country’s economy as a whole.

The inhabitants of the Bedouins specialized in a number of activities such as herding and camels, and a few of them worked in agriculture, in addition to practicing trade with city dwellers and pilgrims’ caravans.

The study recommends the necessity of conducting special studies for commercial agencies and their positive and negative effects on trade and commerce in the state of Hijaz.