The persistent legacy of protectionism in trade policies of globalized era: a critical analysis

الملخص EN

This paper explores the complex history of protectionism in international trade.

despite post-world war II liberalization, protectionist policies have rebounded amid globalization and technological disruption.

tracing intellectual underpinnings, the research outlines seminal economic theories that justified trade barriers, as well as strategic motivations behind them.

it details the array of restrictive policy tools governments have employed, from tariffs to quotas, analyzing their economic impacts.

although open trade expanded, protectionism endures by responding to legitimate anxieties.

however, protectionism risks provoking retaliation and misallocating resources.

history suggests building consensus and balancing interests better serves societies undergoing difficult transitions.

by illuminating tensions between open and closed systems.

this study aims to advance understanding of protectionism’s causes, consequences, and leaders policies face in navigating protectionist pressures.