Water resources evaluation of Alton kopri basin, ne Kirkuk

العناوين الأخرى

تقييم الموارد المائية في حوض التون كوبري شمال شرق كركوك

مقدم أطروحة جامعية

al-Abbadi, Mazin Abd al-Azim Ahmad

مشرف أطروحة جامعية

al-Shamma, Aysar Muhammad

أعضاء اللجنة

al-Abbadi, Ala Muhsin Atiyyah
al-Jabburi, Thair H.
Ali, Sawsan M.
al-Dabbas, Mutazz Abd al-Sattar Muhammad
al-Tawash, Balsam Salim

الجامعة

جامعة بغداد

الكلية

كلية العلوم

القسم الأكاديمي

قسم علوم الأرض

دولة الجامعة

العراق

الدرجة العلمية

دكتوراه

تاريخ الدرجة العلمية

2013

الملخص الإنجليزي

Left side of Altun Kpori basin is located in the northeast of Iraq, Kirkuk.

It lies between latitudes N 35° 30′ 00″ - 35° 50′ 00″ and longitudes E 44° 07′ 00″ - 44° 37′ 00″, with an area of 1175 km2.

There are Khalkhalan Dagh mountains (750 m above sea level) which occur eastward and northeast, while Kani Domlan (400 m above sea level) which extends to Baba dome (Kirkuk mountains group) lie in the west and southwest.

Two aquifers systems are taken in consideration, they form within Holocene - Pleistocene (Quaternary) deposits and Pleistocene - Pliocene Bai-Hassan Formations as well as Pliocene - Al-Mukdadya.

Mostly, the lithological facies are clastic sediments including conglomerate, gravel, sand, interbedded by clay and a little silt or/and evaporates.

The soil of study area composes from gravel, sand, silt and clay with various ratios spatially.

The soil moisture is about 6.7%.

Sand forms 50%, silt 23%, clay 16% and gravel about 11% of the soil textures.

Land use and land cover map has been suggested depending on the soil analysis and areal image.

It is noticed that there is an increase in industry instead of the agricultural activities.

The lands of rainfed crop reach to 50% of the total area.

Annual amount of precipitation reach 342.7 mm.

Then, gross volume of rainwaters over the basin area is 403,025,000 m3.

The evapotranspiration is much more than precipitation amounts.

The annual total average is 1662.9 mm.

Wind erosion is insignificant as a result to low speed of wind.

Comparing yearly precipitation and evaporation, it is seen that the local climate changes in loops of semiarid to arid and vice versa.

Semiarid climate forms 75% and 25% is arid.

The daily indices of climate change have been applied using available daily data that explain the irregularity of rainfall indices during four years.

Hydraulic head of whole aquifers system is interpolated which has average 355 m.

Most wells penetrated the upper aquifer are located in the basin center while lower aquifer wells are found in the basin limbs.

Groundwater level decreases toward west and northwest.

Hydraulic conductivity of upper aquifer has range from 58 m/day to 327 m/day and approximately 30 m/day as average of lower aquifer.

Average of specific storage of the upper aquifer is 0.053 while the lower aquifer has range extended from 1.8×10-3 to 4.2×10-3.

Hydraulic gradient equals to 0.005 to 0.035.

The annual recharge averages of groundwater of whole basin are more 178 × 106 or/and 252 × 106 based on chloride mass balance method.

The daily average of consumed groundwater through pumping wells is 204 m3.

Six piezometers of groundwater monitoring infer that there is an increasing of groundwater demand within the last years in the central zone of study area.

There are not distinct seasonal fluctuations of water level of Lesser Zab river since 2005 to 2011 in Altun Kopri town station.

Watershed delineation is sketched showing the most important potential points of rainfall harvesting and overland flow.

The spatial and III temporal variations of physiochemical parameters of groundwater and surface water show retreating during wet period due to dilution through recharge.

Human made activities are clear in the western and middle of the basin which leads to higher concentration of specifically trace elements and cations.

Piper, Durov and hydrochemical formula are adopted to classify the water type, where predominant groundwater facies are Ca2+-SO4 2- and Ca2+- HCO3 1-.

For Lesser Zab river samples, HCO3 1- and Ca2+ are significant in both periods; hence the water type is Ca2+-HCO3 1-.

On the contrary, the samples of runoff have SO42- plus Ca2+ only, and then the water type is Ca2+-SO4 2-.

Generally, the water resources are suitable for all purposes except a slight rise in total hardness.

Environmental stable isotopes (18O and 2H) are used to investigate the origin of groundwater.

The local meteorological water line is concluded.

Surface water (Lesser Zab river and overland flow) is analysed isotopically.

Mostly, similar ranges of isotope contents in groundwater are noticed during dry and wet periods, except some samples which have distinct differences of δ2H.

Even the groundwater source is unique; the δ2H and δ18O can change by fractionation processes throughout their traveling from atmosphere.

Two groundwater groups can be estimated; the first lies between EMWL and GMWL, and the second lies below GMWL.

The wells have highest values of isotopic ratios are d-excesses, which mean their water suffered much more evaporation during travelling stages beginning from atmosphere until percolation or/and within flow paths of groundwater.

Dry and wet periods have convergent averages of d-excess of 11.53 ‰ and 10.18 ‰ consecutively.

Even the d-excess values closer to 10‰, the source of wells water may be LMWL.

Groundwater dating using 3H suggest probably submodern, in which there is potential mixing between the two aquifers.

Hydrogeochemical modeling by NETPATH, shows the saturation indices of most carbonate phases of groundwater are oversaturated during the dry period.

On the other hand, mostly there is oversaturation of carbonate minerals in the wet period, except some wells that have undersaturation indices of dolomite.

Anhydrite and gypsum are undersaturated in groundwater within dry and wet periods.

Through multivariate statistical, there is slightly variation of most parameters in the lower aquifer comparison with the upper aquifer wells.

The interaction between the rocks and groundwater increase the physiochemical contents in the (semi)-confined aquifer.

At the same time, the mutual upward and downward leakages may be the cause of convergence.

The water samples have been classified using hierarchical cluster into three clusters for groundwater and two clusters for the surface water samples

التخصصات الرئيسية

علوم الأرض و المياه و البيئة

عدد الصفحات

170

قائمة المحتويات

• APA
• MLA
• AMA

لغة النص

الإنجليزية

نوع البيانات

رسائل جامعية

رقم السجل

BIM-609597