Competitiveness and customs procedures fulfillment of global value chains requirements in developing countries

الملخص EN

Global value chains (GVCs) have become a prominent feature of recent v.'o-r!d economy.

Nevertheless, Only S% of total global value added under global value chains accrues to developing countries, and most of these countries' ratio of forward to bacWard linkages in t VCs iS less than one.

This low level c>f part'cipatiou in GVCs returns partially 10 the high trade costs resulting basi-call> from the poor implementation of customs procedures facilitation measures initiated by WCO, WTO and many other international organizations.

Such poor implementation highlights the significance of V/TO Aid For Trade initiative and WCO Capacity Building Programs for customs procedures reform, which is relatively cheap but it is not free.