الأضرار الحيوية على الغابات الطبيعية في شقلاوة-أربيل

الملخص EN

This study were conducted, the biotic factors affecting forest trees were studied in the regions of the present study , and these were insects and fungi, The study showed the presence of large numbers of insect pests and plant pathogens which cause great damage to forest trees and particularly the stem borers and the leaf eaters and gall making wereps , the studied species were: (53) species , apart of these species were (32) belongs to the order Coleoptera, (14) species belongs to the family (Buprestidae) the flat headed metallic borers , and (5) species belongs to the family (Cerambycidae) the long horn stem borers ,(4) species belongs to the family (Cetonidae), (3) species belongs to the family (Prionidae) , (3) species belongs to the family (Meloidae) , (2) species belongs to the family (Melothidae), (1) species belongs to the family (Carabidae), and (12) species from the order (Lepidoptera) of which (4) species belongs to the family (Sphingidae) ,(2) species belongs to the family (Phalaenidae ), ,(2) species belongs to the family (Satyridae) ,(2) species belongs to the family (Pieridae) ,(1) species belongs to the family (Lymantriidae) and (1) species belongs to the family (Saturnidae) and (9) species belongs to the order (Hymenoptera) all of these belongs to the family (Cynipidae) wereps gall makers on Oak trees , beside the presence of fungal infection in the studied regions and these were, (2) species recorded in the first time in Iraq on the oak trees in the forests of safeen mountains , and it were the species (Ganoderma ) and (Crepidotus).