الاحتيال البحري و وسائل التصدي له

الملخص EN

In this research, spotlight was turned on the various kinds of fraud in bills of lading by drawing an analogy between different systems and examining their merits and demerits in terms of the security of bills of lading.

English judicial precedents have recognized the various types of bills of lading, including goods receipt notes; document of title to the goods and contract of carriage by sea proof.

This has focused fraudsters' attention on bills of lading, and despite attempts to reduce fraud in this area, it is still committed.

Use of electronic documents in international trade can only be possible if the system used to issue such documents is secure enough to deny fraudsters access, and if countries worldwide closely cooperate on exchange of information.

The major impediment to introduce the use of electronic bill of lading is not the technology but rather the legal principle that the title deed can neither be issued nor circulated unless it is signed by hand.