الإشاريات في رسائل الأدباء و مرجعياتها بين قصد المرسل و تأويل المتلقي

الملخص EN

The interest of the Arabs in the past references in a narrow framework, to the appearance of the deliberative approach expanded the scope of the lesson, especially in the article Benvenist became one of the mechanisms of this approach.

The pioneers of the deliberative references to two types, the first of which is called: (the main singles), and the second (secondary references), and each of these types role in the analysis and decoding of text.

The research has chosen the letters of the writers to the caliphs, ministers and princes as an applied material for these references and to show their great role in the communicative process.