Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers
Joint Authors
Enguita, Francisco J.
Leitão, Ana Lúcia
Source
Issue
Vol. 2013, Issue 2013 (31 Dec. 2013), pp.1-14, 14 p.
Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publication Date
2013-07-15
Country of Publication
Egypt
No. of Pages
14
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
Hydroquinone is a major benzene metabolite, which is a well-known haematotoxic and carcinogenic agent associated with malignancy in occupational environments.
Human exposure to hydroquinone can occur by dietary, occupational, and environmental sources.
In the environment, hydroquinone showed increased toxicity for aquatic organisms, being less harmful for bacteria and fungi.
Recent pieces of evidence showed that hydroquinone is able to enhance carcinogenic risk by generating DNA damage and also to compromise the general immune responses which may contribute to the impaired triggering of the host immune reaction.
Hydroquinone bioremediation from natural and contaminated sources can be achieved by the use of a diverse group of microorganisms, ranging from bacteria to fungi, which harbor very complex enzymatic systems able to metabolize hydroquinone either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
Due to the recent research development on hydroquinone, this review underscores not only the mechanisms of hydroquinone biotransformation and the role of microorganisms and their enzymes in this process, but also its toxicity.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Enguita, Francisco J.& Leitão, Ana Lúcia. 2013. Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers. BioMed Research International،Vol. 2013, no. 2013, pp.1-14.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1004564
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Enguita, Francisco J.& Leitão, Ana Lúcia. Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers. BioMed Research International No. 2013 (2013), pp.1-14.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1004564
American Medical Association (AMA)
Enguita, Francisco J.& Leitão, Ana Lúcia. Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers. BioMed Research International. 2013. Vol. 2013, no. 2013, pp.1-14.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1004564
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references
Record ID
BIM-1004564