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Gender and Ocular Manifestations of Connective Tissue Diseases and Systemic Vasculitides
Joint Authors
Hajj-Ali, Rula
Choudhary, Maria M.
Lowder, Careen Y.
Source
Issue
Vol. 2014, Issue 2014 (31 Dec. 2014), pp.1-8, 8 p.
Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publication Date
2014-03-17
Country of Publication
Egypt
No. of Pages
8
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
Ocular manifestations are present in many connective tissue diseases which are characterized by an immune system that is directed against self.
In this paper, we review the ocular findings in various connective tissue diseases and systemic vasculitides and highlight gender differences in each disease.
In rheumatoid arthritis, we find that dry eyes affect women nine times more than men.
The other extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis affect women three times more commonly than men.
Systemic lupus erythematosus can involve all ocular structures and women are nine times more affected than men.
Systemic sclerosis is a rare disease but, again, it is more common in women with a female to male ratio of 8 : 1.
Polymyositis and dermatomyositis also affect women more commonly than men but no gender differences have been found in the incidence or disease course in the systemic vasculitides associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis).
Finally, Behcet’s disease is more common in males, and male gender is a risk factor for Behcet’s disease.
There is a slight female preponderance in sarcoidosis with female gender carrying a worse prognosis in the outcome of ocular disease.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Choudhary, Maria M.& Hajj-Ali, Rula& Lowder, Careen Y.. 2014. Gender and Ocular Manifestations of Connective Tissue Diseases and Systemic Vasculitides. Journal of Ophthalmology،Vol. 2014, no. 2014, pp.1-8.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1042467
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Choudhary, Maria M.…[et al.]. Gender and Ocular Manifestations of Connective Tissue Diseases and Systemic Vasculitides. Journal of Ophthalmology No. 2014 (2014), pp.1-8.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1042467
American Medical Association (AMA)
Choudhary, Maria M.& Hajj-Ali, Rula& Lowder, Careen Y.. Gender and Ocular Manifestations of Connective Tissue Diseases and Systemic Vasculitides. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2014. Vol. 2014, no. 2014, pp.1-8.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1042467
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references
Record ID
BIM-1042467