Environmental Attributes to Respiratory Diseases of Small Ruminants
Joint Authors
Rahal, Anu
Ahmad, Abul Hasan
Prakash, Atul
Mandil, Rajesh
Kumar, Aruna T.
Source
Veterinary Medicine International
Issue
Vol. 2014, Issue 2014 (31 Dec. 2014), pp.1-10, 10 p.
Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publication Date
2014-03-20
Country of Publication
Egypt
No. of Pages
10
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
Respiratory diseases are the major disease crisis in small ruminants.
A number of pathogenic microorganisms have been implicated in the development of respiratory disease but the importance of environmental factors in the initiation and progress of disease can never be overemphasized.
They irritate the respiratory tree producing stress in the microenvironment causing a decline in the immune status of the small ruminants and thereby assisting bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections to break down the tissue defense barriers.
Environmental pollutants cause acute or chronic reactions as they deposit on the alveolar surface which are characterized by inflammation or fibrosis and the formation of transitory or persistent tissue manifestation.
Some of the effects of exposures may be immediate, whereas others may not be evident for many decades.
Although the disease development can be portrayed as three sets of two-way communications (pathogen-environment, host-environment, and host-pathogen), the interactions are highly variable.
Moreover, the environmental scenario is never static; new compounds are introduced daily making a precise evaluation of the disease burden almost impossible.
The present review presents a detailed overview of these interactions and the ultimate effect on the respiratory health of sheep and goat.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Rahal, Anu& Ahmad, Abul Hasan& Prakash, Atul& Mandil, Rajesh& Kumar, Aruna T.. 2014. Environmental Attributes to Respiratory Diseases of Small Ruminants. Veterinary Medicine International،Vol. 2014, no. 2014, pp.1-10.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1051948
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Rahal, Anu…[et al.]. Environmental Attributes to Respiratory Diseases of Small Ruminants. Veterinary Medicine International No. 2014 (2014), pp.1-10.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1051948
American Medical Association (AMA)
Rahal, Anu& Ahmad, Abul Hasan& Prakash, Atul& Mandil, Rajesh& Kumar, Aruna T.. Environmental Attributes to Respiratory Diseases of Small Ruminants. Veterinary Medicine International. 2014. Vol. 2014, no. 2014, pp.1-10.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1051948
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references
Record ID
BIM-1051948