Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling: Triggers, Pathways, and Outcomes

Abstract EN

Mitochondria are essential organelles for eukaryotic homeostasis.

Although these organelles possess their own DNA, the vast majority (>99%) of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus.

This situation makes systems that allow the communication between mitochondria and the nucleus a requirement not only to coordinate mitochondrial protein synthesis during biogenesis but also to communicate eventual mitochondrial malfunctions, triggering compensatory responses in the nucleus.

Mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling has been described in various organisms, albeit with differences in effector pathways, molecules, and outcomes, as discussed in this review.