The Role of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis
Joint Authors
Tambo, Amos
Roshan, Mohsin H. K.
Pace, Nikolai P.
Source
International Journal of Inflammation
Issue
Vol. 2016, Issue 2016 (31 Dec. 2016), pp.1-11, 11 p.
Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publication Date
2016-10-04
Country of Publication
Egypt
No. of Pages
11
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions including coronary arterial disease (CAD).
They are expressed by a variety of immune cells where they recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
TLRs recruit adaptor molecules, including myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MYD88) and TIRF-related adaptor protein (TRAM), to mediate activation of MAPKs and NF-kappa B pathways.
They are associated with the development of CAD through various mechanisms.
TLR4 is expressed in lipid-rich and atherosclerotic plaques.
In TLR2−/− and TLR4−/− mice, atherosclerosis-associated inflammation was diminished.
Moreover, TLR2 and TLR4 may induce expression of Wnt5a in advanced staged atheromatous plaque leading to activation of the inflammatory processes.
TLR9 is activated by CpG motifs in nucleic acids and have been implicated in macrophage activation and the uptake of oxLDL from the circulation.
Furthermore, TLR9 also stimulates interferon-α (INF-α) secretion and increases cytotoxic activity of CD4+ T-cells towards coronary artery tunica media smooth muscle cells.
This review outlines the pathophysiological role of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in atherosclerosis, focusing on evidence from animal models of the disease.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Roshan, Mohsin H. K.& Tambo, Amos& Pace, Nikolai P.. 2016. The Role of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. International Journal of Inflammation،Vol. 2016, no. 2016, pp.1-11.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1106245
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Roshan, Mohsin H. K.…[et al.]. The Role of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. International Journal of Inflammation No. 2016 (2016), pp.1-11.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1106245
American Medical Association (AMA)
Roshan, Mohsin H. K.& Tambo, Amos& Pace, Nikolai P.. The Role of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. International Journal of Inflammation. 2016. Vol. 2016, no. 2016, pp.1-11.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1106245
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references
Record ID
BIM-1106245