Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer
Joint Authors
Hınçal, Evren
Saad, Farouk Tijjani
Kaymakamzade, Bilgen
Source
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Issue
Vol. 2017, Issue 2017 (31 Dec. 2017), pp.1-9, 9 p.
Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publication Date
2017-10-26
Country of Publication
Egypt
No. of Pages
9
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
This paper aims to study the dynamics of immune suppressors/checkpoints, immune system, and BCG in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer.
Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) are some of the examples of immune suppressors/checkpoints.
They are responsible for deactivating the immune system and enhancing immunological tolerance.
Moreover, they categorically downregulate and suppress the immune system by preventing and blocking the activation of T-cells, which in turn decreases autoimmunity and enhances self-tolerance.
In cancer immunotherapy, the immune checkpoints/suppressors prevent and block the immune cells from attacking, spreading, and killing the cancer cells, which leads to cancer growth and development.
We formulate a mathematical model that studies three possible dynamics of the treatment and establish the effects of the immune checkpoints on the immune system and the treatment at large.
Although the effect cannot be seen explicitly in the analysis of the model, we show it by numerical simulations.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Saad, Farouk Tijjani& Hınçal, Evren& Kaymakamzade, Bilgen. 2017. Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine،Vol. 2017, no. 2017, pp.1-9.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1142071
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Saad, Farouk Tijjani…[et al.]. Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine No. 2017 (2017), pp.1-9.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1142071
American Medical Association (AMA)
Saad, Farouk Tijjani& Hınçal, Evren& Kaymakamzade, Bilgen. Dynamics of Immune Checkpoints, Immune System, and BCG in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2017. Vol. 2017, no. 2017, pp.1-9.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1142071
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references
Record ID
BIM-1142071