Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi
Joint Authors
Kumwenda, Save
Msefula, Chisomo
Kadewa, Wilfred
Ngwira, Bagrey
Morse, Tracy
Source
Journal of Environmental and Public Health
Issue
Vol. 2017, Issue 2017 (31 Dec. 2017), pp.1-13, 13 p.
Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publication Date
2017-11-08
Country of Publication
Egypt
No. of Pages
13
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
Use of Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) sludge is becoming popular due to increasing price of organic fertilizers in Malawi; however, there is little evidence on the associated risks.
Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) was done to determine health risks associated with use of EcoSan.
Pathogens considered included Escherichia coli (E.
coli), Salmonella, and soil transmitted helminths (STHs).
Exponential and Beta Poisson models were used to estimate the risk from helminthic and bacterial pathogens, respectively.
Main exposure pathways were through poor storage of sludge, contamination of foods during drying, walking barefoot on the ground contaminated with sludge, pit emptying without protection, and application of sludge in the fields.
Estimated annual risk for Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia, and hookworms was approximately over 5.6 × 10−1 for both Fossa Alternas (FAs) and Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDTs).
Risk from E.
coli and Salmonella was 8.9 × 10−2 and above.
The risks were higher than WHO acceptable risk for use of faecal sludge in crops of 10−4 infections per year.
Promoters and users of EcoSan latrines need to consider advocating for strict guidelines to reduce the risk.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Kumwenda, Save& Msefula, Chisomo& Kadewa, Wilfred& Ngwira, Bagrey& Morse, Tracy. 2017. Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi. Journal of Environmental and Public Health،Vol. 2017, no. 2017, pp.1-13.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1175560
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Kumwenda, Save…[et al.]. Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi. Journal of Environmental and Public Health No. 2017 (2017), pp.1-13.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1175560
American Medical Association (AMA)
Kumwenda, Save& Msefula, Chisomo& Kadewa, Wilfred& Ngwira, Bagrey& Morse, Tracy. Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2017. Vol. 2017, no. 2017, pp.1-13.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1175560
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references
Record ID
BIM-1175560