المعارضة السياسة ضد السلطان عبدالحميد الثاني : خليل إبراهيم خليل غانم ١٨٧٧-١٩٠٣ أنموذجا

Abstract EN

Khalil Ibrahim Khalil Ghanem is one of the first few Arabs to oppose Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876_1909), and he called for the reinstatement of the suspended constitution from 1878 CE and the return of representative life, and he was destined to play a prominent role among political opposition groups not only in the Ottoman Empire, but also Even in Europe, where he resided in Geneva and Paris, and he was able to gain their confidence, and during the years of his opposition to Sultan Abdul Hamid II he maintained a peaceful political behavior in managing the dispute and refused to respond to those calling for the use of force against the Ottoman Sultan or requesting European support, and his ambition was to create a qualitative shift in life Political In the Ottoman Empire through the application of European political systems to be among the ranks of advanced countries