التطورات الاقتصادية و تغلغل الرأسمالية الأوروبية في روسيا القيصرية1861-1914 : دراسة تاريخية

Abstract EN

The transformations that occurred in the Russian agricultural economy during the period between (1861-1914) had dangerous repercussions on the classes of Russian society, especially the peasant class, which suffered from the exploitation of feudal lords, and despite the economic reforms and agricultural projects implemented by the tsarist government, including the abolition of the serfdom system, most taxes, and the establishment of farms.

Capitalism and the establishment of large feudal investments, one of the most important results of which was rejected by the peasants and resulted in an increase in the servitude of the peasant to the feudal lord, on the one hand, and on the other hand it paved the way for the formation of the foundations of new economic and social systems far from the oppression of the Russian tsarist government and the injustice and exploitation of the feudal and capitalist classes for the efforts of the Russian peasants to work.

The Russian Communist Party announced its support for the peasants and called them to unite with the workers to eliminate private property as it is the main pillar of injustice and exploitation and replace it with social ownership Agriculture remained the basis of economic life in Tsarist Russia.

The European Industrial Revolution brought about a radical change in the Russian industry, as the state made it possible to benefit from European technical expertise and the organizational forms of industrial development that it reached Modern factories arose in Russia and followed the latest techniques of technology in various branches of industry, so that the industrial revolution that began in 1890 was accomplished Petersburg and Moscow became the most important industrial centers in Russia.

The research topic is revealed that the tsarist government made all its efforts to develop its commercial activity, especially in the field of exporting agricultural products and various goods such as textiles and raw materials, and strengthened its foreign relations with Persia and concluded economic agreements at the beginning of the twentieth century to activate import and export operations on the one hand, and on the other hand it sought to consolidate Its foreign relations with Germany and Britain and concluded trade agreements with them, which led to the strengthening of Russian-European economic relations.

The study explained that Capitalism entered into the field of peoples' colonization of economic, , and harnessed all the efforts of the working class to achieve its self-interests, motivated by the search for new markets for marketing products.

This cruel suffering that the Russian workers faced, and the tsarist government did not take into account their feelings and feelings and met their rights, did not put an end to this suffering, and did not issue laws to protect them from exploitation and injustice, but rather went beyond that and opened the doors wide for the investment of foreign capital and supported it, and moreover it drowned The Russian government of the country has foreign debts from European banks, and it has become one of the most important characteristics of Russian capitalism, its dependence on foreign capital that burdened the country's treasury, and in turn led the government to follow an unfair policy of imposing large taxes that would not achieve equality between the classes of Russian society, as the nobility class was exempt from it, and the burden of taxes Unfair imposed on the common class of the Russian people, which weakened the Russian economy and weakened workers and peasants from it, and raised the banner of defiance and determination and uniting together to liberate their country from the tyranny and tyranny of the tsarist government and expel foreign investors from the country that was represented by fueling revolutions and workers' strikes in most Russian cities, and the tsarist government took advantage of this opportunity to quell revolutionary movements out of the political impasse and absorb the resentment and anger of the people The Russian revolutionary against it by occupying them in the war by entering World War One on November 2, 1914.