Application of chemical and spectral analysis techniques for assessing soil pollution by some heavy metals in selected sites of Arbil City, Iraqi Kurdistan Region

Other Title(s)

استخدام تقنيات للتحاليل الكيمياوية و الطيفية لتقييم تلوث التربة ببعض العناصر الثقيلة لمناطق مختارة في مدينة أربيل-أقليم كوردستان العراق

Dissertant

Ahmad, Ismail Tahir

Thesis advisor

Ismail, Akram Uthman

University

Salahaddin University-Hawler

Faculty

College of Science

Department

Biology Department

University Country

Iraq

Degree

Ph.D.

Degree Date

2012

English Abstract

In order to obtain the sanitary and safety environment then keeps it.

This investigation was conducted from 4 / 1 / 2011 to 15 / 6 / 2011 The aim of this work was to investigate the polluted soils caused by the disposed refuses from houses, factories and hospitals of this location, where located between Daratoo county and Bnaslawa district southeast of Erbil governorate, which consist of different types of refuses such as cartons, papers, plastics and foods consumption etc…, at the beginning the GPS reading of the points of the study area were taken, then the investigation was conducted using chemical techniques and Geoinformatics systems as follow : 1- Chemical technique : This technique was used to determine the ratio, type and levels of pollution in the studied area, which included : a- Effect of location and times on heavy metals accumulation in the soils, collecting soils under polluted materials after removing the (polluted materials), then taking samples at (0-30 cm) depth, into two different times wet season (winter) and dry season (summer) after drying, sieving at 2 mm soil samples, some of soil physicochemical properties and concentration of four of heavy metals in the soils (Fe, Ni, Cd and Pb) were determined.

b- Geoaccumulation Index ( I geo ) value.

Geoaccumulation index value in soils depended on it as indicator of determining the degree of pollution of the study area was clarified in graphics, the results showed that most of locations between Daratoo and Bnaslawa district were polluted by heavy metals that arranged in this order Pb > Cd > Fe > Ni.

c- In the study of depths effect on heavy metals accumulation in the soils, the results illustrated the highest concentration of Fe was recorded from second depth (15-30 cm) in comparing with other depths, while the highest values of Ni, Cd and Pb were recorded in the first depth (0-15cm).

d- Accumulation / Depletion ratio determination.

This value of Acc.

/ Depl, were used as indicator of distribution of heavy metals within the soil depth.

The Fe value in the location1 < 1 and in the location 2 = 1, and in location1 and location 2 the Acc.

/ Depl value of Ni, Cd and Pb > 1.

e - Biological experiment : This investigation was conducted in pots during 20 / 1 / 2011 to 2 / 6 / 2011 in the experimental farm of the College of Agriculture, University of Salahaddin, at the Grdarasha field, 3.5 km south of Erbil governorate, 411m above the sea level, 36˚ 07 N, 44˚ 01E, 0411359, 03997002 UTM., after collecting soil samples under polluted materials of the study area, and planting the wheat plant in it in order to determine the effect of five different levels of phosphorus (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg P kg-1 polluted soils) using triple super phosphate fertilizer on absorption and distribution of heavy metals in the different parts (roots, shoots and grains) of wheat (Triticum durum Desf., cv.Simeto) using Complete Randomize Design with four replications.

2- Geoinformatics Techniques : a- In this technique Global Positional System (GPS) can be used to determine geographic axis of all points of soil samples and collecting the information about the points.

b - Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics System in order to studying the relationship among some of soil chemical and physical properties with the spectral reflectance properties of the space image of the study locations selecting Thematic Mapper (TM images which acquired by Landsat -7) c- Using interpolation properties to preparing the special map of natural distribution of heavy metals of the soils in the studied area using Arc View Ver.

3.2 programs.

d- In the selected area, soil samples were collected and their spectral reflectance curve were measured with an Analytical Spectral Device (ASD) Field Spec 3 Spectroradiometer, using the contact probe, obtaining spectral reflectance data which expressed the reflectance range of soil from incident light depending on soil physical and chemical and mineralogical differences such as calcium carbonate, organic matter contents etc.

The reflectance measured by Spectroradiometer in laboratory, then statistical analysis were done, the results showed CaCO3 was distinct it has the main positive effect of reflectance, and the Ni recorded its relations with the spectral reflectance in summer, without heeding effect in winter.

The Most Important Results may Summarize as follow : 1- In study of the effect of locations and times on heavy metals concentration in the soils, the highest values of heavy metals Fe, Ni, Cd and Pb were 727.61 ,27.20 , 0.966 and 182.13 mg kg-1 recorded in locations (9, 1, 3 and 2) respectively, and the lowest value of above mentioned heavy metals was recorded in the location (11) or control sample, and concerning the effect of time, the highest value of Fe, Cd and Pb 681.36, 0.715 and 158 mg kg-1 , and the lowest value of Ni 13 mg kg-1 was recorded at the winter season.

The results presented in summer season the lowest value of Fe, Cd and Pb 321.23, 0.533 and 93 mg kg-1 respectively and the highest value of Ni 29.74 mg kg-1.

In general the results illustrated heavy metals Fe, Cd and Pb decrease with the time except Ni increased, therefore the locations effect perhaps the concentration of heavy metal in control sample are lower than other polluted locations.

2- The effect of different depths (d) (0 - 15, 15-30 and 30 - 45 cm), two times of sampling on heavy metals concentration of soils, the highest value of Fe 425.03 mg kg-1 was recorded from depth 2 (15-30 cm), while the lowest value of Fe was 385.91 mg kg-1 which recorded from depth1 (0-15 cm) as well as the highest value of Ni, Cd, and Pb ,were 34.20, 1.650 and 127.61 mg kg-1 respectively from depth1 (0-15 cm) while the lowest value of Ni, Cd and Pb were 20.70, 1.076, and 53.24 mg kg-1 recorded from depth3 (30-45 cm).

3- The application of phosphorus fertilizer caused the decrease of heavy metals concentration Fe, Ni, Cd and Pb in the roots dry matter weight from 75.00 to 66.62, 0.180 to 0.159, 0.020 to 0.003 and 3.31 to 0.82 mg kg-1 respectively for treatment 0.0 - 40 mg P kg-1 soil , as well as in shoots part the heavy metal concentration 31.70-30.52, 0.130 to 0.090, 0.01 to 0.001 and 0.183 to 0.115 mg kg-1 respectively, and in grains 42.0 to 39.22, 0.356 to 0.176, 0.004 to 0.001 and 2.74 to 0.55 mg kg-1 for treatments 0.0 to 40 mg P kg-1 soil respectively.

Main Subjects

Earth Sciences, Water and Environment

Topics

• Soil pollution
• Iraq
• Kurdistan

No. of Pages

108

Table of Contents

• APA
• MLA
• AMA

Language

English

Data Type

Arab Theses

Record ID

BIM-314346