Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in Gamble’s Fluid : Is the Fluid Toxic? Can It Be Made Safer by Inclusion of Solid Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides?
Joint Authors
Voo, Janis
Rajagopalan, Shyamala
Karote, Dennis
Dai, Huaien
Walker, Brandon
Krishnamoorthi, Ramaswamy
Source
Issue
Vol. 2013, Issue 2013 (31 Dec. 2013), pp.1-14, 14 p.
Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publication Date
2012-12-05
Country of Publication
Egypt
No. of Pages
14
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
The reactions of chemical warfare agent simulants, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) and di-i-propyl fluoro phosphate (DFP), in fluids have been investigated.
Data analyses confirm the major degradation pathway to be hydrolysis of 2-CEES to 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl sulfide, along with minor self-condensation products.
Among the three fluids examined, 2-CEES degradation was the fastest in Gamble’s fluid during a 96 h period.
Upon addition of Exceptional Hazard Attenuation Materials (EHAMs) to 2-CEES containing Gamble’s fluid, degradation was generally improved during the first 24 h period.
The 96 h outcome was similar for fluid samples with or without EHAM 2 and EHAM 4.
EHAM 1-added fluid contained only one degradation product, 2-nitroethyl ethyl sulfide.
DFP degradation was the slowest in Gamble’s fluid, but was enhanced by the addition of EHAMs.
FTIR and solid state 31P NMR confirm the destructive adsorption of 2-CEES and DFP by the EHAMs.
The results collectively demonstrate that 2-CEES and DFP decompose to various extents in Gamble’s fluid over a 96 h period but the fluid still contains a considerable amount of intact simulant.
EHAM 1 appears to be promising for 2-CEES and DFP mitigation while EHAM 2 and EHAM 4 work well for early on concentration reduction of 2-CEES and DFP.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Karote, Dennis& Walker, Brandon& Dai, Huaien& Krishnamoorthi, Ramaswamy& Voo, Janis& Rajagopalan, Shyamala. 2012. Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in Gamble’s Fluid : Is the Fluid Toxic? Can It Be Made Safer by Inclusion of Solid Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides?. Journal of Chemistry،Vol. 2013, no. 2013, pp.1-14.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-487535
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Karote, Dennis…[et al.]. Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in Gamble’s Fluid : Is the Fluid Toxic? Can It Be Made Safer by Inclusion of Solid Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides?. Journal of Chemistry No. 2013 (2013), pp.1-14.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-487535
American Medical Association (AMA)
Karote, Dennis& Walker, Brandon& Dai, Huaien& Krishnamoorthi, Ramaswamy& Voo, Janis& Rajagopalan, Shyamala. Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in Gamble’s Fluid : Is the Fluid Toxic? Can It Be Made Safer by Inclusion of Solid Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides?. Journal of Chemistry. 2012. Vol. 2013, no. 2013, pp.1-14.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-487535
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references
Record ID
BIM-487535