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The second Arab awakening
Author
Source
Issue
Vol. 1, Issue 1 (31 Oct. 2012), pp.5-18, 14 p.
Publisher
Publication Date
2012-10-31
Country of Publication
Iraq
No. of Pages
14
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
After years of false promises and thwarted hopes significant political reform is no longer a hypothetical possibility but a reality.
In the annals of the Middle East, the year 2011 is likely to be remembered for quite some time to come.
As the year began protests were accelerating in Tunisia, and on January 14 President Zine al-Abidine Ben ‘Ali fled into exile in Saudi Arabia.
In neighboring Egypt the Tunisians’ accomplishment lent momentum to widespread demonstrations especially after January 25, 2011, designated (following Tunisia’s example) as the “Day of Rage” (yaum al-ghadab).
Eighteen days later, after more than 800 demonstrators were killed by security forces and government-linked thugs, President Husni Mubarak, who had ruled Egypt for three decades, resigned from office, thereby launching a process of political and constitutional transition that is likely to continue for years.
Across the Arab world, emulative protests spread in nearly every country, with varying success and sometimes with horrendous bloodshed.
In Libya, a strongman met his demise; in Yemen, a dictator retreated from the presidency; in Bahrain, protesters demanding reform and equitable treatment, were suppressed within weeks by a Saudi-led force that was intended to stymie demands for reform; and, in Syria, chants of “irhal, irhal” (go/scram) were met by brutal government violence and a descent into a civil war that by late 2012 claimed at least 18,000 lives.
(Case studies illustrating the widely variant outcomes of popular demands for reform in Tunisia, Egypt, Bahrain, Libya, and Syria appear below).
American Psychological Association (APA)
Norton, Augustus Richard. 2012. The second Arab awakening. Kufa Review،Vol. 1, no. 1, pp.5-18.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-827719
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Norton, Augustus Richard. The second Arab awakening. Kufa Review Vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct. 2012), pp.5-18.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-827719
American Medical Association (AMA)
Norton, Augustus Richard. The second Arab awakening. Kufa Review. 2012. Vol. 1, no. 1, pp.5-18.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-827719
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references : p. 17-18
Record ID
BIM-827719