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Antigen-Induced Immunomodulation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis
Joint Authors
Milioti, Natalia
Oviedo-Orta, Ernesto
Bermudez-Fajardo, Alexandra
Penichet, Manuel L.
Source
Journal of Immunology Research
Issue
Vol. 2008, Issue 2008 (31 Dec. 2008), pp.1-15, 15 p.
Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publication Date
2008-05-20
Country of Publication
Egypt
No. of Pages
15
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterised by the accumulation of monocytes/macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and lymphocytes within the arterial wall in response to the release of proinflammatory molecules.
Such accumulation results in the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque, which would eventually evolve to complications such as total artery occlusion, rupture, calcification, or aneurysm.
Although the molecular mechanism responsible for the development of atherosclerosis is not completely understood, it is clear that the immune system plays a key role in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque and in its complications.
There are multiple antigenic stimuli that have been associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Most of these stimuli come from modified self-molecules such as oxidised low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs), beta2glycoprotein1 (β2GP1), lipoprotein a (LP(a)), heat shock proteins (HSPs), and protein components of the extracellular matrix such as collagen and fibrinogen in the form of advanced glycation-end (AGE) products.
In addition, several foreign antigens including bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Chlamydia pneumoniae and viruses such as enterovirus and cytomegalovirus have been associated with atherosclerosis as potentially causative or bystander participants, adding another level of complexity to the analysis of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
The present review summarises the most important scientific findings published within the last two decades on the importance of antigens, antigen stimulation, and adaptive immune responses in the development of atherosclerotic plaques.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Milioti, Natalia& Bermudez-Fajardo, Alexandra& Penichet, Manuel L.& Oviedo-Orta, Ernesto. 2008. Antigen-Induced Immunomodulation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Journal of Immunology Research،Vol. 2008, no. 2008, pp.1-15.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-988078
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Milioti, Natalia…[et al.]. Antigen-Induced Immunomodulation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Journal of Immunology Research No. 2008 (2008), pp.1-15.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-988078
American Medical Association (AMA)
Milioti, Natalia& Bermudez-Fajardo, Alexandra& Penichet, Manuel L.& Oviedo-Orta, Ernesto. Antigen-Induced Immunomodulation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Journal of Immunology Research. 2008. Vol. 2008, no. 2008, pp.1-15.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-988078
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references
Record ID
BIM-988078