Refernce in the Iraq cocstitution (2005)‎

الملخص EN

The concept of refernce is an important topic in the pragmatic analysis that needs to be explained, reference is utilized to analyse the texts or sentence, since every referent is a reference used to pointing something like persons and entities.

the meaning of entities will be obvious when the reader or listener understands/comprehends about who and what the referent is refered to.

the present study aims at explaining types of reference that are found in the Iraqi constitution (2005), their contribution in the text in which they are used and how the constitution drafters use these types of reference in the articles of the Iraqi constitution (2005).

to achieve the aims of this study, the Arabic version of the Iraqi constitution (2005) has been chosen as data to be analysed, qualitative and quantitative methods have been used in analyzing the collected data according to the classification of Halliday and Hasan (1976).

it has been hypothesized that the ordinary readers of the Iraqi constitution (2005) may face difficulty in comprehending /extracting the meaning of a lot of the articles of the Iraqi constitution (2005), because there maybe ambiguity and misuses of the referring expressions like to whom that refrents refer or to which entity it belongs.

the study has come up with the results that referring expressions are widely used in the Iraqi constitution (2005) to convey certain aims.

the use of such linguistic and pragmatic elements is proved to have an obvious impact on ordinary peoples‟ understanding of the legal d document correctly.