Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender Differences
Joint Authors
Giandalia, Annalisa
Muscianisi, Marco
Nunziata, Morabito
Ruffo, Maria Concetta
Catalano, Antonino
Russo, Giuseppina T.
Cucinotta, Domenico
Romeo, Elisabetta L.
Source
International Journal of Endocrinology
Issue
Vol. 2016, Issue 2016 (31 Dec. 2016), pp.1-11, 11 p.
Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publication Date
2016-12-04
Country of Publication
Egypt
No. of Pages
11
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures, resulting in disabilities and increased mortality.
The pathophysiological mechanisms linking diabetes to osteoporosis have not been fully explained, but alterations in bone structure and quality are well described in diabetic subjects, likely due to a combination of different factors.
Insulin deficiency and dysfunction, obesity and hyperinsulinemia, altered level of oestrogen, leptin, and adiponectin as well as diabetes-related complications, especially peripheral neuropathy, orthostatic hypotension, or reduced vision due to retinopathy may all be associated with an impairment in bone metabolism and with the increased risk of fractures.
Finally, medications commonly used in the treatment of T2DM may have an impact on bone metabolism and on fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women.
When considering the impact of hypoglycaemic drugs on bone, it is important to balance their potential direct effects on bone quality with the risk of falling-related fractures due to the associated hypoglycaemic risk.
In this review, experimental and clinical evidence connecting bone metabolism and fracture risk to T2DM is discussed, with particular emphasis on hypoglycaemic treatments and gender-specific implications.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Russo, Giuseppina T.& Giandalia, Annalisa& Romeo, Elisabetta L.& Nunziata, Morabito& Muscianisi, Marco& Ruffo, Maria Concetta…[et al.]. 2016. Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender Differences. International Journal of Endocrinology،Vol. 2016, no. 2016, pp.1-11.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1105762
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Russo, Giuseppina T.…[et al.]. Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender Differences. International Journal of Endocrinology No. 2016 (2016), pp.1-11.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1105762
American Medical Association (AMA)
Russo, Giuseppina T.& Giandalia, Annalisa& Romeo, Elisabetta L.& Nunziata, Morabito& Muscianisi, Marco& Ruffo, Maria Concetta…[et al.]. Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender Differences. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2016. Vol. 2016, no. 2016, pp.1-11.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1105762
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references
Record ID
BIM-1105762