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Cellular Stresses and Stress Responses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance
Author
Source
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Issue
Vol. 2018, Issue 2018 (31 Dec. 2018), pp.1-27, 27 p.
Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publication Date
2018-07-09
Country of Publication
Egypt
No. of Pages
27
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
Insulin resistance (IR), a key component of the metabolic syndrome, precedes the development of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Its etiological pathways are not well defined, although many contributory mechanisms have been established.
This article summarizes such mechanisms into the hypothesis that factors like nutrient overload, physical inactivity, hypoxia, psychological stress, and environmental pollutants induce a network of cellular stresses, stress responses, and stress response dysregulations that jointly inhibit insulin signaling in insulin target cells including endothelial cells, hepatocytes, myocytes, hypothalamic neurons, and adipocytes.
The insulin resistance-inducing cellular stresses include oxidative, nitrosative, carbonyl/electrophilic, genotoxic, and endoplasmic reticulum stresses; the stress responses include the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, the DNA damage response, the unfolded protein response, apoptosis, inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis, while the dysregulated responses include the heat shock response, autophagy, and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 signaling.
Insulin target cells also produce metabolites that exacerbate cellular stress generation both locally and systemically, partly through recruitment and activation of myeloid cells which sustain a state of chronic inflammation.
Thus, insulin resistance may be prevented or attenuated by multiple approaches targeting the different cellular stresses and stress responses.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Onyango, Arnold N.. 2018. Cellular Stresses and Stress Responses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity،Vol. 2018, no. 2018, pp.1-27.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1211421
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Onyango, Arnold N.. Cellular Stresses and Stress Responses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity No. 2018 (2018), pp.1-27.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1211421
American Medical Association (AMA)
Onyango, Arnold N.. Cellular Stresses and Stress Responses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2018. Vol. 2018, no. 2018, pp.1-27.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1211421
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references
Record ID
BIM-1211421