Incomplete Immune Recovery in HIV Infection: Mechanisms, Relevance for Clinical Care, and Possible Solutions
Joint Authors
Hartling, Hans J.
Nielsen, Susanne Dam
Gerstoft, Jan
Gaardbo, Julie C.
Source
Journal of Immunology Research
Issue
Vol. 2012, Issue 2012 (31 Dec. 2011), pp.1-17, 17 p.
Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publication Date
2012-03-14
Country of Publication
Egypt
No. of Pages
17
Main Subjects
Abstract EN
Treatment of HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) usually results in diminished viral replication, increasing CD4+ cell counts, a reversal of most immunological disturbances, and a reduction in risk of morbidity and mortality.
However, approximately 20% of all HIV-infected patients do not achieve optimal immune reconstitution despite suppression of viral replication.
These patients are referred to as immunological nonresponders (INRs).
INRs present with severely altered immunological functions, including malfunction and diminished production of cells within lymphopoetic tissue, perturbed frequencies of immune regulators such as regulatory T cells and Th17 cells, and increased immune activation, immunosenescence, and apoptosis.
Importantly, INRs have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality compared to HIV-infected patients with an optimal immune reconstitution.
Additional treatment to HAART that may improve immune reconstitution has been investigated, but results thus far have proved disappointing.
The reason for immunological nonresponse is incompletely understood.
This paper summarizes the known and unknown factors regarding the incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV infection, including mechanisms, relevance for clinical care, and possible solutions.
American Psychological Association (APA)
Gaardbo, Julie C.& Hartling, Hans J.& Gerstoft, Jan& Nielsen, Susanne Dam. 2012. Incomplete Immune Recovery in HIV Infection: Mechanisms, Relevance for Clinical Care, and Possible Solutions. Journal of Immunology Research،Vol. 2012, no. 2012, pp.1-17.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-996783
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Gaardbo, Julie C.…[et al.]. Incomplete Immune Recovery in HIV Infection: Mechanisms, Relevance for Clinical Care, and Possible Solutions. Journal of Immunology Research Vol. 2012, no. 2012 (2011), pp.1-17.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-996783
American Medical Association (AMA)
Gaardbo, Julie C.& Hartling, Hans J.& Gerstoft, Jan& Nielsen, Susanne Dam. Incomplete Immune Recovery in HIV Infection: Mechanisms, Relevance for Clinical Care, and Possible Solutions. Journal of Immunology Research. 2012. Vol. 2012, no. 2012, pp.1-17.
https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-996783
Data Type
Journal Articles
Language
English
Notes
Includes bibliographical references
Record ID
BIM-996783